Fig leaf?

Today in Osaka I conducted a round-table discussion with a small group of distinguished legal professional composed of a judge, a prosecutor, a defense lawyer, and three scholars. Two students also attended.

To begin I described my trips throughout Japan and my audiences’ comments about the saiban-in system. Then as a group we discussed this issue: The Japanese government will evaluate the saiban-in system three years after implementation. What are the evaluation criteria for judging the effectiveness of the saiban-in system?

There was a very spirited debate. An experienced scholar started off. “There is a simple measurement -- whether the new system will decrease the current conviction rate which is 99.9%”

The prosecutor responded good-naturedly, “well, I certainly hope that figure does not change under the new system. The reason the conviction rate is so high is that we bring to trial only cases in which there is a very high probability of conviction. In America, by contrast, prosecutors bring cases to trial even when there’s only a probability of conviction.”

The defense lawyer was hopeful that the saiban-in system would reduce the conviction rate, but for that to happen defense lawyers would have to improve their trial advocacy skills. “We need to learn from American energy, research, and experience.”

A second scholar raised a more fundamental question about the saiban-in system “Isn’t this all just a façade to enhance the authority of judges through the fig leaf of civic participation? The law forbids saiban-in from disclosing deliberations, so judges can dominate citizens with impunity.”

The judge responded calmly, “Actually, the new system will reduce the power of judges. Citizens will now have the opportunity to see how we work. They can participate. Hopefully they will gain trust.”

A third scholar had more modest goals for the saiban-in system. “Even if the citizens do no more than come to court and willing serve as saiban-in, I think that's a positive step. They will be playing a brand new role. Maybe over time they will become comfortable with this role and start speaking up. Besides, even in Japan, there are outspoken peoples, and some of these people are bound to serve on saiban-in panels.”

“In America,” the first scholar observed, “there is a clear divide between the role of the judge and the role of the jury. The judge instructs the jury on the law, but it is the jury, and only the jury, that decides the facts. I am very uncomfortable with the saiban-in system because it seems to confuse the roles of the judges and the citizens and creates a process that values coordination and cooperation. Coordination and cooperation will harm the deliberation process and rob the saiban-in of their independence. I hope the saiban-in system will evolve into a system that more closely resembles the American model.”

Comments

[Galina Davidoff]

It would be great if these jurors were encouraged to ask questions. Perhaps it would be easier and more respectful toward authority figures to ask a question to further one's understanding then to state one's opinion. Jurors' questions are often the best feedback because they focus judges on things that they have not thought about and that may lead to a different verdict.

[Robert Precht]

Galina, I think it's everyone's hope that the Japanese jurors (saiban-in) will ask questions. They will be seated at the bench with three professional judges. In theory, they can ask the judges questions, ask the witnesses questions, and ask the lawyers questions during the trial. And the saiban-in's votes in deliberation will be given equal weight as those of the judges'. It's a truly collaborative process. That said, a number of commentators are worried that ordinary Japanese citizens will be reluctant to speak up in front of the judges.

[Galina Davidoff]

Have they run any simulations? Jury-research type exercises?